Source: Xinhua
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-07/04/c_136414644.htm
WASHINGTON, July 3 (Xinhua) -- Most of the frogs alive today may owe a "big thank you" to the mass extinction that wiped out dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
A new study by Chinese and American biologists showed that 88 percent of today's frog species have descended from just three lineages that survived the calamity, likely caused by an asteroid or comet striking the Earth.
"Frogs have been around for well over 200 million years, but this study shows it wasn't until the extinction of the dinosaurs that we had this burst of frog diversity that resulted in the vast majority of frogs we see today," said study co-author David Blackburn, associate curator of amphibians and reptiles at the Florida Museum of Natural History on the University of Florida campus.
This finding, published Monday in the U.S. journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, "was totally unexpected," Blackburn said.
The swift rise of frogs after the massive die-off was likely due to the fact that so many environmental niches were available after the animals occupying them disappeared.
"We think there were massive alterations of ecosystems at that time, including widespread destruction of forests," Blackburn said. "But frogs are pretty good at eking out a living in microhabitats, and as forests and tropical ecosystems rebounded, they quickly took advantage of those new ecological opportunities."
Today, there are more than 6,700 known frog species, representing 55 families and living in a wide range of habitats from trees to aquatic environments to underground.
For this study, Blackburn joined researchers from Sun Yat-sen University in China, the University of Texas at Austin and the University of California, Berkeley in the U.S. to tackle the mystery of frog evolution with a dataset seven times larger than that used in prior research.
The team sampled a core set of 95 nuclear genes from 156 frog species, combining this with previously published genetic data on an additional 145 species to build the most complete frog family tree yet.
When the analyses pointed to a simultaneous evolution of the three major frog clades -- Hyloidea, Microhylidae and Natatanura -- the researchers initially eyed the finding with skepticism, said Peng Zhang, a corresponding study author and professor in the department of biochemistry and molecular biology at Sun Yat-sen University.
"Nobody had seen this result before," he said. "We redid the analysis using different parameter settings, but the result remained the same. I realized the signal was very strong in our data. What I saw could not be a false thing."
While the extinction event opened new opportunities for frogs, notably leading to the evolution of tree frogs worldwide, it snuffed out many frog lineages, particularly in North America, the team said.
The study also indicated that global frog distribution tracks the breakup of the supercontinents, beginning with Pangea about 200 million years ago and then, Gondwana, which split into South America and Africa.
The data suggested frogs likely used Antarctica, not yet encased in ice sheets, as a stepping stone from South America to Australia.
While the survival and subsequent comeback of frogs testifies to their resilience, Zhang said, their current vulnerability to disease, habitat loss and degradation is cause for concern.
"I think the most exciting thing about our study is that we show that frogs are such a strong animal group. They survived from the mass extinction that completely erased dinosaurs and boomed back quickly," he said.
"However, frog species are declining nowadays because humans are destroying their habitats. Does that mean humans are making a huge extinction event even stronger than this one? We need to think about it."
Link to the paper:
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/06/26/1704632114.abstract
